紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)因呈紫紅(hong)色(se)而得名。它不一(yi)定是純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，有時還加(jia)入(ru)少量(liang)脫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)元(yuan)素(su)或其(qi)他元(yuan)素(su)以改(gai)善材質和性(xing)能,因此也歸入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)。中國(guo)紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)加(jia)工材按成分可(ke)分為:普通(tong)紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(T1、T2、T3、T4)、無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(TU1、TU2和高純(chun)、真空無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong))、脫氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(TUP、TUMn)、添(tian)加(jia)少量(liang)合金(jin)元(yuan)素(su)的(de)特種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(砷銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、碲銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、銀銅(tong)(tong)(tong))四類。紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)電導(dao)(dao)率(lv)和熱(re)導(dao)(dao)率(lv)僅次(ci)于銀，廣(guang)泛用于制作(zuo)導(dao)(dao)電、導(dao)(dao)熱(re)器(qi)材。紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)在(zai)大氣、海水(shui)和某些非氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化性(xing)酸(suan)(鹽酸(suan)、稀硫酸(suan))、堿(jian)、鹽溶液及多種有機酸(suan)(醋酸(suan)、檸檬酸(suan))中有良(liang)好的(de)耐蝕性(xing)。

常用的銅(tong)合金分為(wei)黃銅(tong)﹑青銅(tong)﹑白銅(tong)3大類。

純凈(jing)的銅(tong)是紫紅(hong)色的金屬，俗稱"紫銅(tong)"、"紅(hong)銅(tong)"或"赤銅(tong)"。

紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)用途比純(chun)(chun)(chun)鐵廣泛得(de)多(duo)，每年有50%的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)被電(dian)(dian)(dian)解提(ti)純(chun)(chun)(chun)為純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，用于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣工業。這(zhe)(zhe)里所說(shuo)的(de)(de)紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，確(que)實要非(fei)常純(chun)(chun)(chun)，含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)達99.95%以上(shang)才(cai)行，極(ji)少量的(de)(de)雜質(zhi)，特別是磷、砷、鋁等(deng)，會(hui)大(da)大(da)降低銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)。主(zhu)要用于(yu)制(zhi)作發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機﹑母線(xian)﹑電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜﹑開關裝置﹑變壓器等(deng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)工器材和熱(re)交(jiao)換器﹑管道﹑太陽(yang)能加熱(re)裝置的(de)(de)平(ping)板集熱(re)器等(deng)導熱(re)器材。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中含氧(yang)(煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時容(rong)易混入少量氧(yang))對導電(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)影(ying)響很(hen)大(da)，用于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣工業的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)般(ban)都必須(xu)是無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。另外，鉛、銻、鉍等(deng)雜質(zhi)會(hui)使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)結晶不能結合(he)在一(yi)起，造成熱(re)脆，也會(hui)影(ying)響純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)加工。這(zhe)(zhe)種純(chun)(chun)(chun)度(du)很(hen)高的(de)(de)純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，一(yi)般(ban)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)解法精制(zhi):把不純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(即粗銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong))作陽(yang)極(ji)，純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作陰極(ji)，以硫酸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)溶液(ye)(ye)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)(ye)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過后(hou)，陽(yang)極(ji)上(shang)不純(chun)(chun)(chun)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)逐漸熔解，純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)便逐漸沉淀在陰極(ji)上(shang)。這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)精制(zhi)而得(de)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong);純(chun)(chun)(chun)度(du)可達99.99%。

紫銅(tong)還用(yong)于(yu)電機短路(lu)環，電磁加熱感(gan)應(ying)器的制作，和大功(gong)率電子元件上面，接線(xian)排接線(xian)端(duan)子之類的。

紫銅也運用(yong)到了門、窗、扶手(shou)等家具(ju)及裝飾上(shang)。

紫銅是(shi)(shi)比較純凈(jing)的(de)一種(zhong)銅，一般可近似(si)認為是(shi)(shi)純銅，導(dao)(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)都較好，但強度(du)、硬度(du)較差一些。紫銅具有(you)優良的(de)導(dao)(dao)熱(re)性(xing)(xing)﹑延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)和耐蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)。紫銅中的(de)微量雜質(zhi)對銅的(de)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)、導(dao)(dao)熱(re)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)有(you)嚴重影(ying)響。其中鈦(tai)、磷、鐵、硅(gui)等(deng)(deng)顯(xian)著降低電(dian)導(dao)(dao)率,而鎘、鋅等(deng)(deng)則影(ying)響很小。硫(liu)、硒、碲等(deng)(deng)在(zai)銅中的(de)固溶度(du)很小,可與(yu)銅生成脆性(xing)(xing)化合物,對導(dao)(dao)電(dian)性(xing)(xing)影(ying)響不大，但能(neng)降低加工塑性(xing)(xing)。

紫銅(tong)(tong)在大(da)氣、海水(shui)和(he)某些非氧化(hua)性(xing)酸(suan)(鹽酸(suan)、稀(xi)硫(liu)酸(suan))、堿、鹽溶液(ye)及(ji)多種有機酸(suan)(醋酸(suan)、檸檬酸(suan))中，有良(liang)好的耐蝕(shi)性(xing)，用于化(hua)學工業。另(ling)外，紫銅(tong)(tong)有良(liang)好的焊接(jie)性(xing)，可經冷、熱塑性(xing)加工制成各(ge)種半成品(pin)和(he)成品(pin)。20世紀70年(nian)代，紫銅(tong)(tong)的產量超過了其他各(ge)類銅(tong)(tong)合金的總產量。

紫銅(tong)中的(de)微量(liang)雜質對(dui)銅(tong)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)、導(dao)熱(re)性(xing)能有(you)(you)嚴(yan)重影響(xiang)。其中鈦、磷、鐵、硅等(deng)顯(xian)著降(jiang)低(di)電(dian)導(dao)率,而(er)鎘、鋅等(deng)則影響(xiang)很小(xiao)。氧、硫(liu)、硒、碲(di)(di)等(deng)在銅(tong)中的(de)固溶度很小(xiao),可(ke)與銅(tong)生(sheng)成脆性(xing)化(hua)合(he)物,對(dui)導(dao)電(dian)性(xing)影響(xiang)不大(da)，但(dan)能降(jiang)低(di)加工(gong)塑性(xing)。普通紫銅(tong)在含(han)氫或一氧化(hua)碳的(de)還原(yuan)性(xing)氣氛中加熱(re)時，氫或一氧化(hua)碳易與晶(jing)界的(de)氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(Cu2O)作用，產(chan)生(sheng)高壓水蒸氣或二氧化(hua)碳氣體，可(ke)使銅(tong)破裂。這種現象常稱為銅(tong)的(de)"氫病"。氧對(dui)銅(tong)的(de)焊(han)接性(xing)有(you)(you)害。鉍(bi)(bi)或鉛與銅(tong)生(sheng)成低(di)熔(rong)點(dian)共晶(jing)，使銅(tong)產(chan)生(sheng)熱(re)脆;而(er)脆性(xing)的(de)鉍(bi)(bi)呈薄膜狀(zhuang)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)在晶(jing)界時，又使銅(tong)產(chan)生(sheng)冷脆。磷能顯(xian)著降(jiang)低(di)銅(tong)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)性(xing),但(dan)可(ke)提高銅(tong)液的(de)流動性(xing),改善焊(han)接性(xing)。適量(liang)的(de)鉛、碲(di)(di)、硫(liu)等(deng)能改善可(ke)切削性(xing)。紫銅(tong)退火板材的(de)室溫抗拉強度為22~25公斤力/毫米2,伸長率為45~50%，布(bu)(bu)氏硬度(HB)為35~45。

紫銅牌號對照表